References

Abramson DI, Harris AJ, Beaconsfield P. Changes in peripheral blood flow produced by short-wave diathermy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1957;38(6):369-76.

Adair ER, Black DR. Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;Suppl 6:S17-38.

Alcidi L, Beneforti E, Maresca M, Santosuosso U, Zoppi M. Low power radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation for the treatment of pain due to osteoarthritis of the knee. Reumatismo. 2007;59(2):140-5.

Ahmed MS, Shakoor MA, Khan AA. Evaluation of the effects of shortwave diathermy in patients with chronic low back pain. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2009;35(1):18- 20.

Auda SP, Steinert HR, Elias EG, Viravathana T. Selective tumor heating by shortwave radiofrequency (RF). Cancer. 1980;46(9):1962-8. 166

Babaei-Ghazani A, et al. 2020 Continuous shortwave diathermy with exercise reduces pain and improves function in Lateral Epicondylitis more than sham diathermy: A randomized controlled trial, Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 69-76, ISSN 1360-8592,

Bennett RL, Hines Jr EA, Krusen FH. Effect of short-wave diathermy on the cutaneous temperatures of the feet. Am Heart J. 1941;21(4):490-503

Badur NB, Ozkan FU, Aktas I 2020 Efficacy of shortwave diathermy in ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial Clinical Rehabilitation 2020, 34 (8): 1048-1055

Bricknell R, Watson T. The thermal effects of pulsed shortwave therapy. BJTR.1995;2:430-4

Brucker JB, Knight KL, Rubley MD, Draper DO. An 18-day stretching regimen, with orwithout pulsed, shortwave diathermy, and ankle dorsiflexion after 3 weeks. J AthlTrain. 2005;40(4):276–80.

Challis LJ. Mechanisms for interaction between RF fields and biological tissue. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;Suppl 7:S98-S106. 22 Adair ER, Black DR. Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;Suppl 6:S17-38.

Chiabrera A, Bianco B, Moggia E, Kaufman JJ. Zeeman-Stark 2000 modeling of the RF EMF interaction with ligand binding. Bioelectromagnetics. 21(4):312-24

Davies CTM. The effects of different levels of heat production induced by diathermy and eccentric work on thermoregulation during exercise at a given skin temperature. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1979;40(3):171-80. 164

Downey JA, Frewin DB, Whelan RF. Vascular responses in the forearm to heating by shortwave diathermy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51(6):354-7

Draper DO, Miner L, Knight KL, Ricard MD. The Carry-Over Effects of Diathermy and Stretching in Developing Hamstring Flexibility. J Athl Train. 2002;37(1):37-42.

Draper DO, Knight K, Fujiwara T, Castel JC. Temperature change in human muscle during and after pulsed short-wave diathermy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29(1):13-22,

Draper DO, Hawkes AR, Johnson AW, Diede MT, Rigby JH. Muscle heating with Megapulse II shortwave diathermy and ReBound diathermy. J Athl Train. 2013;48(4):477-82. 172

Dziedzic K, Hill J, Lewis M, Sim J, Daniels J, Hay EM. Effectiveness of manual therapy or pulsed shortwave diathermy in addition to advice and exercise for neck disorders: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in physical therapy clinics. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53(2):214-22

Erdman WJ. Peripheral blood flow measurements during application of pulsed high frequency currents. Am J Orthop. 1960;2:196-7.

Foley-Nolan D, Barry C, Coughlan RJ, O’Connor P, Roden D. Pulsed high frequency (27 MHz) electromagnetic therapy for persistent neck pain. A double blind, placebocontrolled study of 20 patients. Orthopedics. 1990;13(4):445-51

Foster KR. 2000 Thermal and nonthermal mechanisms of interaction of radio-frequency energy with biological systems. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 28(1):15-23

Foster KR, Glaser R. 2007 Thermal mechanisms of interaction of radiofrequency energy with biological systems with relevance to exposure guidelines. Health Phys. 92(6):609-20

Garrett CL, Draper DO, Knight KL. Heat distribution in the lower leg from pulsed shortwave diathermy and ultrasound treatments. J Athl Train. 2000;35(1):50-5. 170

Gibson T, Grahame R, Harkness J, Woo P, Blagrave P, Hills R. Controlled comparison of short-wave diathermy treatment with osteopathic treatment in non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 1985;1(8440):1258-61.

Giombini A, Giovannini V, Di Cesare A, Pacetti P, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Shiraishi M, et al. Hyperthermia induced by microwave diathermy in the management of muscle and tendon injuries. Br Med Bull. 2007;83(1):379-96.

Griffiths H, Kerby IJ, Moore JL, Ahmed A, Smith CW, Mort D, et al. A physiological effect on tissue temperature during RF hyperthermia. Br J Cancer. 1984;49(6):801-3. 167

Grynbaum BB, Megibow RS, Bierman W. The effect of short wave diathermy upon digital circulation as determined by microplethysmography. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1950;31(10):629-31

Hafen PS, Abbott K, Bowden J, Lopiano R, Hancock CR, Hyldahl RD. 2019 Daily heat treatment maintains mitochondrial function and attenuates atrophy in human skeletal muscle subjected to immobilization. J Appl Physiol. 127(1):47-57.

Hamilton DE, Bywaters EGL, Please NW. A controlled trial of various forms of physiotherapy in arthritis. BMJ. 1959;1(5121):542-4

Harris R. Effect of short wave diathermy on radio-sodium clearance from the knee joint in the normal and in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1961;42:241-9

Hawkes AR, Draper DO, Johnson AW, Diede MT, Rigby JH. Heating capacity of ReBound shortwave diathermy and moist hot packs at superficial depths. J Athl Train. 2013;48(4):471-6.

Hovind H, Nielsen SL. Changes in subcutaneous and muscle blood flow after shortwave diathermy. Bibl Anat. 1973;11:417-22.

Hovind H, Nielsen SL. Local blood flow after short-wave diathermy: preliminary report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1974;55(5):217-21.

Hovind H, Nielsen SL. The effect of short wave and microwave diathermy on blood flow in subcutaneous and muscle tissue in man. Seventh international congress, June, Montreal. 1974:147-51.

Incebiyik S, Boyaci A, Tutoglu A. Short-term effectiveness of short-wave diathermy treatment on pain, clinical symptoms, and hand function in patients with mild or moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(2):221-228

Ilja W, Neninger E, Maria W. Influence of short wave diathermy on intrauterine temperature changes. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1974;13(1):99-105. 163

James RD, Williams P, Jones A, Nelis P, Farrow N, Lukka H, et al. Determination of human skin pain threshold using 27 MHz radiofrequency heating. Br J Radiol. 1988;61(724):344-6.

Jan MH, Lin YF. Clinical heat effect of shortwave diathermy on knee joint. FJPT. 1990;15:7-13. 169

Jauchem JR. 2008 Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3kHz to 300GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: a review of the recent literature. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 211(1-2):1-29

Kerem M, Yigiter K. Effects of continuous and pulsed short-wave diathermy in low back pain. Pain Clin. 2002;14(1):55-9.

Karasuno H, Morozumi K, Fujiwara T, Goh AC, Yamamoto I, Senga F. Changes in intramuscular blood volume induced by continuous shortwave diathermy. J Phys Ther Sci. 2005;17(2):71-9.

Kim MK, Ji SG, Cha HK, Chang JS. Effects of electromagnetic diathermy in conjunction with nerve mobilization in the management of lower back pain. J Phys Ther Sci. 2012;24(12):1337-9.

Kim GW, et al. 2019 Effects of a Newly Developed Therapeutic Deep Heating Device Using High Frequency in Patients with Shoulder Pain and Disability: A Pilot Study, Pain Research and Management Volume 2019, Article ID 8215371

Kitchen S. 2008 Thermal effects. Electrotherapy: Evidence-Based Practice. 12th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone p. 99-114.

Kottke FJ, Koza DW, et al. Studies of deep circulatory response to short wave diathermy and microwave diathermy in man. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1949;30(7):431-7.

Kovach RI. Temperature distribution in a 2-layer model of a biological object under microwave heating. Med Tekh. 1973;1:18-21. 162

Kumaran B, Watson T. Thermal build-up, decay and retention responses to local therapeutic application of 448 kHz capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency: A prospective randomised crossover study in healthy adults. Int J Hyperthermia. 2015;31(8):883-895.

Laurence JA, French PW, Lindner RA, McKenzie DR. 2000 Biological effects of electromagnetic fields–mechanisms for the effects of pulsed microwave radiation on protein conformation. J Theor Biol. 206(2):291-8.

Lehmann JF, Masock AJ, Warren CG, Koblanski JN. Effect of therapeutic temperatures on tendon extensibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1970;51(8):481-7.

Lehmann JF, DeLateur BJ, Stonebridge JB. Selective muscle heating by shortwave diathermy with a helical coil. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1969;50(3):117-23. 160

Lehmann J.F. (ed.) Therapeutic heat and cold, 3d imp Baltimore 1982

Lewis M, James M, Stokes E, Hill J, Sim J, Hay E, et al. An economic evaluation of three physiotherapy treatments for non-specific neck disorders alongside a randomized trial. Rheumatology. 2007;46(11):1701-8

Masiero S, Pignataro A, Piran G, et al. Short-wave diathermy in the clinical management of musculoskeletal disorders: a pilot observational study. Int J Biometeorol. 2020;64(6):981-988

McLellan K, Petrofsky JS, Bains G, Zimmerman G, Prowse M, Lee S. 2009 The effects of skin moisture and subcutaneous fat thickness on the ability of the skin to dissipate heat in young and old subjects, with and without diabetes, at three environmental room temperatures. Med Eng Phys.31(2):165-72.

Millard JB. Effect of high-frequency currents and infra-red rays on the circulation of the lower limb in man. Ann Phys Med. 1961;6:45-66.

Mitchell SM, Trowbridge CA, Fincher AL, Cramer JT. Effect of diathermy on muscle temperature, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Muscle Nerve. 2008;38(2):992-1004.

Morrissey L. Effects of shortwave diathermy upon volume blood flow through the calf of the leg. J Am Phys Ther Assoc. 1966;46(9):946-52

Murray CC, Kitchen S. Effect of pulse repetition rate on the perception of thermal sensation with pulsed shortwave diathermy. Physiother Res Int. 2000;5(2):73-84. 171

Nelson FR, Zvirbulis R, Pilla AA. Non-invasive electromagnetic field therapy produces rapid and substantial pain reduction in early knee osteoarthritis: A randomized doubleblind pilot study. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(8):2169-73.

Pages IH. Untersuchungen zur Durchblutungsänderung bei lokaler und segmentaler Anwendung der Kurzwelle [Circulatory changes in local and segmental use of shortwave diathermy]. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1993;105(8):216-219.

Petrofsky J, Goraksh N, Alshammari F, Mohanan M, Soni J, Trivedi M, et al. 2011 The ability of the skin to absorb heat; the effect of repeated exposure and age. Case Rep Clin Pract Rev. 17(1):CR1-CR8.

Petrofsky JS, Laymon M. 2009 Heat transfer to deep tissue – effect of body fat and heating modality. J Med Eng Technol 2008:1-12.

Peres SE, Draper DO, Knight KL, Ricard MD. Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy and Prolonged Long-Duration Stretching Increase Dorsiflexion Range of Motion More Than Identical Stretching Without Diathermy. J Athl Train. 2002;37(1):43-50.

Richardson AW. Effect of microwave-induced heating on the blood flow through peripheral skeletal muscles. Am J Phys Med. 1954;33(2):103-7.

Schlink F, Rost WE. The effect of ultra-short-wave diathermy on blood. Br J Phys Med. 1954;17(2):39-42.

Shakoor MA, Rahman MS, Moyeenuzzaman M. Effects of deep heat therapy on the patients with chronic low back pain. Mymensingh Med J. 2008;17(2 Suppl):S32-8

Shakoor MA, Al Hasan S, Moyeenuzzaman M, Deb AK. Treatment with short wave diathermy on chronic low back pain. JCMCTA. 2010;21(1):40-4

Siems LL, Kosman AJ, Osborne SL. A comparative study of short wave and microwave diathermy on blood flow; the role of the somatic and sympathetic nerves in 261 the vascular response to deep tissue heating. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1948;29(12):759-64.

Silverman DR. A Comparison of the Effects of Continuous and Pulsed Short Wave Diathermy: Resistance to Bacterial Infection in Mice. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1964;45:491-9

Silverman DR, Pendleton L. A comparison of the effects of continuous and pulsedshort-wave diathermy on peripheral circulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1968;49(8):429-36.

Sousa NTA, Guirro ECO, Calió JG, Queluz MC, Guirro RRJ. Application of shortwave diathermy to lower limb increases arterial blood flow velocity and skin temperature in women: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther. 2017;21(2):127-137

Sweetman BJ, Heinrich I, Anderson JAD. A randomized controlled trial of exercises, short wave diathermy, and traction for low back pain, with evidence of diagnosisrelated response to treatment. J Orthop Rheumatol. 1993;6(4):159-66

Taverner MG, Ward TL, Loughnan TE. Transcutaneous pulsed radiofrequency treatment in patients with painful knee awaiting total knee joint replacement. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(5):429-32.

Touchberry C, Le T, Richmond S, Prewitt M, Beck D, Carr D, et al. Diathermy treatment increases heat shock protein expression in female, but not male skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102(3):319-23.

Valtonen EJ, Lilius HG, Svinhufvud U. Effects of three modes of application of shortwave diathermy on the cutaneous temperature of the legs. Eura Medicophys. 1973;9(2):49-52

Verrier M, Falconer K, Crawford JS. A comparison of tissue temperature following twoshortwave diathermy techniques. Physiother Can. 1977;29(1):21-5

Wagstaff P, Wagstaff S, Downey M. A pilot study to compare the efficacy of continuous and pulsed magnetic energy [short-wave diathermy] on the relief of low back pain. Physiotherapy. 1986;72(11):563-6.

Weber I, Zák K, Malec I, Hontela S. Influence of short wave diathermy on intrauterine temperature. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1969;91(13):416-21. 161

Wessman HC. Effect of shortwave diathermy to the abdomen on peripheral circulation during pregnancy. Phys Ther. 1971;51(1):43-7.

Yang WJ, Wang JH. Shortwave and microwave diathermy for deep-tissue heating. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1979;17(4):518-24. 165